The cotton system is defined as consisting of all actors implicated, directly or indirectly, in the production or processing of cotton. It is suggested that the cotton system in Mali is the result of a succession of contradictory actions and decisions made by these actors. The succession is neither predetermined nor inevitable, as the actors are free to oppose prescribed solutions or to adhere to others that they find more acceptable. The suggested mechanism is self-generating, particularly as it is possible for those not recognized as actors to take advantage of opportune moments to demand that their interests be considered. Our hypothesis has been validated by reference to almost 100 years of cotton production and trade in Mali. We have demonstrated that there is an endogenous capacity for adaptation to change provided that collective learning is possible and the associated time constraint can be overcome. We conclude from our results that it is essential, prior to formulation of agricultural policies, to identify contradictions that may arise in the future.