This paper presents the main results from an appraisal of biomass flows and soil fertility management practices used by smallholders in the Agreste region of Paraíba (Brazil). The study was conducted in different agro-ecological conditions in the municipalities of Remígio and Solânea. The participative appraisal of fertility management is based on the development of a model of biomass flows at a farm level. The validation of this model meant that it was possible to construct a common representation of biomass management, which enabled real dialogue between researchers, technicians and smallholders. Diagnostic conclusions have evidenced a competition between livestock intensification process and soils conservation. As a result of this study, technicians have reviewed their approach to soil fertility management.