The objective of this study is to analyze the impact foreseeable of the installation of the new mechanism of price with the cotton producer on the whole of the die cotton and the Malian economy, in comparison of the production costs and the institutional changes in progress within the die. The study highlights on the microeconomic level, an important risk of impoverishment of the producers and, on the macroeconomic level, the potential negative repercussions more than proportional on the Malian economy as whole.