Genetic analysis of adaptation in plants is of primary interest in the case of crops as well as natural populations, for the sake of sustainable agriculture and ecological resource management. Both accurate assessment of the right phenotypic features and fast and affordable high throughput genotyping are necessary. If we manage to make the latter no longer limiting, we open a wider range of opportunities to produce valuable genetic information using materials with phenotypic description derived from diverse and rich experiments and protocols. The sequential nature of gel-based markers entails a limitation in throughput. Many marker systems such as SNP and SSR depend on sequence information. Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) circumvents these limitations and enables high-throughput genome profiling at low cost even for crops with no sequence information available. Musa is one of the world's most important crop genera with 73 million tons of banana and 33 million tons of plantain fruits produced in 2005. It features several genomes in various combinations. We have now established two libraries of 6,000 DArT clones using a complexity reduction method based on restriction enzymes Pstl as a primary cutter and Taql or BstNl as a secondary cutter. Between 700 and 800 markers were identified in each of these libraries. Initial analysis of 187 diverse banana and plantain accessions showed that while the majority of the markers separated the A and the B genome, the array also resolves diversity within each genome. This current set of arrays will be applied to extend the current genetic map of banana, explore applications of DArTs for ordering BAC libraries and for anchoring the genetic and physical maps. (Texte intégral)