Genetic control of fruit shape in Cucumis melo was studied using QTL analysis in two Recombinant Inbred (RI) populations consisting of 163 and 63 individuals, respectively, obtained by crossing the same round-fruited parent with two different elongated-fruit lines. Fruit shape is mainly explained by fruit length in these two populations. Most QTLs for fruit shape and ovary shape detected were found to co-segregate, thus demonstrating early control of fruit shape during ovary development. A high level of correlation between fruit shape and ovary shape was also found in 14 unrelated genetic lines, a finding which suggests that control of fruit shape by gene(s) active early in the ovary is a general feature in C. melo. Two major flower genes, a (monoecious) and p (pentamerous), were shown to have major effectson fruit shape. Major tightly linked QTLs for fruit and ovary shape were found close to the a and p genes, probably reflecting their pleiotropic effect on fruit shape. Moreover, one of the two QTLs detected in the Védrantais x PI 414723 population wasals o found in the Védrantais x PI 161375 population. Variation of fruit shape in melon could be due to variations having quantitative effects on a large set of genes that are probably involved in ovary development.