A large proportion of foods are produced today by industrial chains that are confronted by numerous challenges. Like all industries, they need to integrate new requirements relative to the environment and sustainability into their activities. Yet they are also subject to major trends, affecting both final consomption and agricultural production. Indeed, on the one hand, consumers (or at least sorne of them) are expressing new demands relative to food and how it is produced. On the other hand, current trends at the agricultural level may suggest possible changes in the availability, supply regularity and priees of agricultural raw materials. Finally, the competition in which companies are involved at national, European or international levels raises questions as to evolution in their medium and longer term competitiveness. The aim of this chapter is to review sorne of the important features of past evolutions and of the technological and economie 'model' upon which they were based. It is th us 'agri-industrial systems', as defined in Chapter 4, which are addressed here. We will then try to identifY, in terms of sustainability, the principal challenges faced by these industrial chains, and finally to clarity a certain number of important themes that need to be investigated in future research programmes in order to enlighten public and private decision-making in this field.