As highlighted by several studies, the protection of Geographical Indications can play an important role in strengthening local economy and promoting a development process in marginal rural areas in developing countries. However, the GI establishment process, the presence of supporting public policies and the quality of institutional and political framework are key factors playing an important role in the achievement of GI outcomes on local economy and rural development. This paper is focused on Penja pepper (Piper nigrum), Cameroonian origin-based product for which an application for the GI legal protection is ongoing making Penja Pepper one of the first GIs registered in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper analyses actual and expected impacts of the GI recognition process on the local pepper supply chain management, identifying critical factors that can affect its positive effects and pointing out the role of accompanying policies.