Livestock production systems provide multiple services to population and within territories. Based on studies carried on in different countries in Mediterranean and tropical environments, we show that climate change and/or climate variability have clear impacts on social organization and economic activities of livestock producers. This is due in part to direct impact of climate factor on production systems but also to indirect impact of global economic factors that are sensible to climate change or variability. Livestock producers hence identify and develop specific strategies to mitigate climate impact on the sustainability of their production systems.