Propagation by seeds gives rise to individuals which are all genetically different from each other. By contrast, asexual or vegetative propagation consists in duplicating, theoretically unlimitedly, genotypes while preserving through mitotic divisions their original genetic make-up, and consequently all their individual characteristics. This is essential to ensure the transfer of economically important traits which are under non-additive control. Vegetative propagation can be applied to any individual that does not produce fertile seeds, either because it has not entered the mature reproductive stage yet, or due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Its usefulness is obvious for research as well as for operational activities, depending on the ultimate objectives and on the most suitable strategies to meet the goals. Conventional nursery techniques and in vitro culture can be used for vegetatively propagating forest tree species. The respective pros and cons of these various vegetative propagation methods, which can synergistically complement each other, are considered, mainly from an operational viewpoint. Species characteristics and cost effectiveness must be taken into account for applications while pondering the real advantages and limitations of vegetative versus seedbased propagation strategies in the general context of forest tree plantations.