Most heat shock proteins (Hsps) function as molecular chaperones that help organisms to cope with stress. Although the best empirical evidence is related to heat shock, there is evidence that Hsps and their encoding genes are involved in resistance to other ecologically relevant types of stresses such as those imposed by high population density. We quantified density-dependent gene expression of large (i.e. Hsp40, Hsc70 and Hsp90) and small (Hsp20.5, Hsp20.6 and Hsp20.7) heat shock genes in neural tissue of fifth-instar nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Locusts are of particular interest when studying the influence of stress induced by high population density since they show an extreme form of phenotypic plasticity changing from a cryptic solitarious phase to a swarming gregarious phase. Crowding led to a synchronous and sustained 2-3 fold increase in the expression of only two Hsp genes, Hsp20.5 and Hsp20.7, which do not BLAST with any known animal sequences and therefore are likely to be unique to members of the Orthoptera. This study opens a range of experiments to investigate the possibility of specific roles for these two small Hsps in the resistance to stressful conditions imposed by crowded environments and/or the expression of gregarious behavior as well as their evolutionary significance to locusts whose populations are regularly exposed to high density conditions in the field.