Biodiversity and functional links between organisms are the basis of stability, productivity and resilience of ecosystems. Mycorrhizae are known to be included in this process by helping plants in their establishment in the field. Thus, the aims of this study focused on argan ecosystem are to assess the potential of mycorrhizal soil in which the argan is established and to understand his structure of microbial communities which is associated in different soil and climatic situations. Nine south-west Moroccan argan have been the subject of this investigation. The results showed that the cytological organization of mycorrhizae observed in Argania spinosa is arbuscular type in all samples analyzed. Spores isolated by the method of wet sieving has highlights some morphotypes (max 6) with a large dominance of the genus Glomus (about 80%). Naturally, argan tree is highly dependent on mycorrhizal but its intensity of mycorrhization (M) and the mycorrhizal potential of soils studied differ from one station to another. It seems that other factors related to biological and chemical soil properties affect specific and locally prosperity of the argan tree. It would be interesting to explore these factors for the argan tree regeneration.