Many authors argue that camel milk contains less cholesterol than cow milk while other reported the reverse. To compare the cholesterol content in camel and cow milk in similar farming conditions and to assess the impact of short underfeeding on cholesterol concentration in milk and serum, seven cows and seven camels were sampled (milk and blood) at the middle of lactation at morning and evening milking, then two weeks after distribution of low energy-protein diet, another sampling was achieved. Cholesterol content in camel milk (5.64 +- 3.18 mg 100g-1) was lower than in cow (8.51 +- 9.07 mg 100g-1), but the difference was not significant. Moreover, the ratio cholesterol/fat was similar in the two species (225 +- 125 mg 100g-1 fat in camel and 211 +- 142.4 mg 100g-1 fat in cow). Serum cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in cow (227.8 +- 60.5 vs 106.4 +- 28.9 mg 100mL-1). There was significant difference between morning and evening milking in milk fat composition and concentrations in cholesterol. The present study showed that cholesterol concentration in camel serum is lower than in cow in similar feeding and environmental conditions, but further researches are needed to demonstrate the relationship between feeding and cholesterol content in camel milk.