Agribusiness expansion has led to the conversion of almost half of the Brazilian Cerrado native vegetation area in monoculture, pastures and wood plantations. Although family-farming activities based on the collection of native fruits and plants could represent an alternative to the expanding high-impact agribusinesses in the Cerrado, their supply chains are poorly documented. We analyzed the obstacles that rural communities face to develop Cerrado biodiversity–based supply chains. Data was gathered in semi-structured interviews with agro-extractivists and other actors of the supply chain, during visits to farms and local markets between 2015 and 2018. The Cerrado Biodiversity-based supply chains present a high diversity of food products, but only some of them belong to a local food heritage and few generate significant cash incomes and have a high potential for trade. The development of these supply chains requires public policies that could address market access issues by focusing on marketing, legislation requirements, transportation and processes management.