A wide variety of orange trees traditionally has been grown in many upland agroeconomic systems as one component of the home garden. In recent years, however, orange production has been growing rapidly, and oranges are playing an increasingly important role in several upland farming systems investigated by the study team. Orange production and dissemination follow different patterns. Within traditional tree-fruit production systems, the proportion of orange trees increases through replanting of existing local varieties or new varieties. Orange tree development is also a component of a multiple tree package recommended to farmers in connection with reforestation or soil conservation programs. In such cases, orange trees are usually simultaneously planted with other species such as mango, lemon, and fodder trees. The objective is to reduce environmental damage by substituting income-generating tree crops for annual crops. A third pattern involves converting an entire unit of land into an exclusive orange orchard. The rapid spread of orange trees corresponds to an even faster growth in the national market driven by changes in consumer diets, especially in urban areas. Various actors such as large-scale farmers, traders, and government agencies are involved in the dissemination of planting material and cultural practices.