The growing economic value and consumer popularity of sustainability standards inevitably raise questions about the extent to which their structure and dynamics actually address many environmental, economic and public welfare issues. The COSA (Committee on Sustainability Assessment) project emerged from the concerns of many industry practitioners and the two dozen institutions collectively organized as the Sustainable Coffee Partnership (see Acknowledgements) about the lack of knowledge and dearth of sound scientific inquiry on what actually happens in the process of adopting sustainability initiatives.1 The committee set out to develop a scientifically-credible framework with which to examine and measure the various types of costs and benefits associated with different sustainability approaches. The COSA method is an innovative farm management tool because it incorporates not only economic methods, but also environmental and social metrics to offer a multi-faceted view of sustainability that reflects the intentions and results of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. The basic COSA approach consists of a data gathering and analysis process so that farmers and other stakeholders can more effectively assess and predict what sort of social, economic and environmental outcomes they may have by implementing different sustainability initiatives. This report covers the initial pilot phase of the COSA project: a process of vetting and testing to prepare the COSA methodology for wider application. Although the primary objective of the testing phase is to identify improvements for making the methodology more suited to diverse producer applications, the opportunity was also taken to compile and analyze the data to demonstrate the analytic capacity and relevance of this work. During testing, the COSA questionnaire was reviewed by the Scientific Committee and external stakeholders prior to being applied in five countries (Kenya, Peru, Costa Rica, Honduras and Nicara