Virus diseases became a major concern for vanilla production over the last few decades probably as a consequence of the diversification of the cultivation areas and intensification of vanilla growing. This chapter reviews the data accumulated on the viruses affecting vanilla plantation throughout the world, particularly Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV). It discusses how the environmental changes induced by the intensification of vanilla cultivation have favored the emergence of viral epidemics, the possible control strategies available at present, and the research perspectives to improve them.