The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) is a non-profit association that was created in 2003 and legally registered in 2004. It promotes the production and consumption of sustainable palm oil through a voluntary certification scheme. This certification scheme was developed by the stakeholders of the seven sectors involved in the palm oil commodity chain: growers, processors/traders, social NGOs, environmental NGOs, manufacturers, retailers, and banks. It relies, for the growers, on the compliance with the principles and criteria (P&Cs) of sustainability that were defined by consensus in 2007. These 39 P&Cs cover 8 dimensions: 1) Commitment to transparency [2 criteria], 2) Compliance with applicable laws and regulations [3 criteria], 3) Commitment to long-term economic and financial viability [1 criterion], 4) Use of appropriate best practices by growers and millers [8 criteria], 5) Environmental responsibility and conservation of natural resources and biodiversity [6 criteria], 6) Responsible consideration for employees and for individuals and communities affected by growers and mills [11 criteria], 7) Responsible development of new plantings [7 criteria], and 8) Commitment to continuous improvement [1 criterion]. The certified unit is the mill with its supply base. For out-growers supplying the certified mill, such as smallholders, a three-year delay is given to account for their difficulties in implementing the P&Cs. Other stakeholders involved in the supply chain must also fulfill specific requirements to allow for the complete chain certification. According to the supply chain certification systems, the final product may be labeled with the "Certified Sustainable Palm Oil" (CSPO) logo in the case of "Identity Preserved" or "Segregation". Alternatively, CSPO may be used to show support to the production of RSPO-certified palm oil without physical traceability of the produced amounts in the cases of "Mass Balance" and "Book and Claim" schemes. No