This book analyses the factors that influence environmental management by the CNPC when operating outside of China, in the outer margins of the world oil system, specifically in Chad, a Least Developed Country (LDC). Within a sector marked by the regulations inherited from the Exxon project in Doba (launched in 2000 with initial World Bank support), the 2007 CNPC Rônier project aims to refine part of the extracted oil locally and export the remainder, most probably through the pipeline built under the Exxon Doba project. The question of the compatibility between the frames of reference and practices in both firms thus arises.Through the prism of social and environmental responsibility (SER), this text analyses the challenges posed by the interaction between Chinese oil firms, host countries and the major Western oil firms.