Reconstructing invasion routes is a key step towards understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors underlying the worldwide invasion success of Mycosphaerellafijiensis, responsible of Black leaf streak disease of bananas. Genetic studies based on molecular analyses with neutral markers (microsatellites and sequence-based markers) were set up on a worldwide collection constituted by 735 individuals from 37 countries and on a Caribbean collection of 1800 individuals from 30 countries. Analyses designated South-East Asia as the source of the global invasion and supported the location of the center of origin of M. fijiensis. It suggested humanmediated introductions into continents with a successful single introduction in Africa and multiple introductions followed by admixture in Latin-America. In the Caribbean, two invasion pathways were first suggested and probable introduction pathways were proposed. (Texte intégral)