Climatic conditions are favorable in Costa Rica to high-yielding biomass feedstock such as sugarcane and African palm. Sustainability and certification are important and current issues in Costa Rica, a country hosting biodiversity hot spots, touristic activities and dynamic agro exporting businesses. Geographical characteristics (central volcanic mountain range, coastal areas on both western and eastern fringes) and active forest and biodiversity conservation policies make large-scale production schemes impossible or, more accurately, "large-scale" does not hold the same meaning in Costa Rica as larger South American countries such as Brazil or Argentina. The land where sugarcane is grown cannot increase much without competing with other agricultural (mainly coffee) and nonagricultural land uses . This chapter describes socio-economic impacts of ethanol production from sugarcane in Costa Rica.