As proposed by FAO, the General Assembly of the United Nations declared 2013 as the International Year of Quinoa (IYQ), highlighting the potential role of quinoa's biodiversity in contributing to global food security, given its high nutritional value and tremendous potential to adapt to different agroclimatic conditions. The declaration recognizes the role of the Andean communities in creating this biodiversity and conserving numerous local varieties of quinoa. The cultivation of quinoa on other continents will continue to expand in the coming years, and there will be an increasingly widespread distribution of systems of intellectual property rights (IPR) governing varieties or genes. It is, therefore, essential to recognize the contribution made by the Andean communities, applying measures to guarantee the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits derived from the use of quinoa's genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. This chapter addresses these issues. Four main targets can be identified: recognition of the Andean identity of quinoa's genetic resources and the associated traditional knowledge; conservation of the components of biological diversity and ecosystems; sustainable and effective use of quinoa's genetic resources in order to encourage innovation; fair and equitable sharing of the benefits derived from the use of these resources and associated traditional knowledge. The existing international frameworks do not address these issues in a satisfactory way. The CBD and the Nagoya Protocol regulate bilateral access and benefit-sharing. However, quinoa's genetic resources are transboundary and for decades they have been disseminated outside the Andean zone. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Treaty) addresses these various objectives but does not cover the many different non-agricultural and non-food uses of quinoa (medicinal applications, cosmetics etc.). It also fails to address adequately (at least