Background and Aims Fine roots play a major role in the global carbon cycle through respiration, exudation and decomposition processes, but their dynamics are poorly understood. Current estimates of root dynamics have principally been observed in shallow soil horizons (<1 m), and mainly in forest systems. We studied walnut (Juglans regia¿×¿nigra L.) fine root dynamics in an agroforestry system in a Mediterranean climate, with a focus on deep soils (down to 5 m), and root dynamics throughout the year. Methods Sixteen minirhizotron tubes were installed in a soil pit, at depths of 0.0–0.7, 1.0–1.7, 2.5–3.2 and 4.0–4.7 m and at two distances from the nearest trees (2 and 5 m). Fine root (diameter¿=¿2 mm) dynamics were recorded across three diameter classes every 3 weeks for 1 year to determine their phenology and turnover in relation to soil depth, root diameter and distance from the tree row. Results Deep (>2.5 m) root growth occurred at two distinct periods, at bud break in spring and throughout the winter i.e., after leaf fall. In contrast, shallow roots grew mainly during the spring-summer period. Maximum root elongation rates ranged from 1 to 2 cm day-1 depending on soil depth. Most root mortality occurred in upper soil layers whereas only 10 % of fine roots below 4 m died over the study period. Fine root lifespan was longer in thicker and in deeper roots with the lifespan of the thinnest roots (0.0–0.5 mm) increasing from 129 days in the topsoil to 190 at depths¿>¿2.5 m. Conclusions The unexpected growth of very deep fine roots during the winter months, which is unusual for a deciduous tree species, suggests that deep and shallow roots share different physiological strategies and that current estimates based on the shortest root growth periods (i.e., during spring and summer) may be underestimating root production. Although high fine root turnover rates might partially result from the minirhizotron approach used, our results help gain insight into some of the fact