Rapid expansion of oil palm cultivation in Southeast Asia raises concerns about biodiversity conservation. Moreover, rats are invasive pests in oil palm plantations, often causing substantial damages. In Indonesia, rat control is generally based on field treatment using anticoagulant rodenticides and/or on reinforcement of predation by barn owls (Tytoalba), by providing nest boxes within the plantation. Rodenticide use is costly for the producer and can indirectlypoison non-target species such as rat predators. Thus, biological control of rat pests should be promoted, both from conservation and production points of view. Within the assemblage of rat predators, small carnivores may contribute to rat population regulation. However the persistence of small carnivores within oil palm plantations, their habitat use, their diet and their contribution to rat control have been poorly investigated. We conducted a 3-year comparative study (2010-2012) in well-established oil palm plantations in Riau and Bangka provinces, in Indonesia: in both areas barn owl populationsare successfully reinforced, but in Riau rat populations have been maintained at an acceptable level without the use of rodenticide for more than 10 years, whereas in Bangka intensive rodenticide applications did not prevent high levels of rat damages. We compared those two contrasted systems in term of predator communities (barn owls and small carnivores) abundance and/or diet. In the poster, we will only present results related to small carnivores. Using a kilometric abundance index yielded from spotlight and faeces counts, we found that small carnivores were much more abundant in Riau plantations than in Bangka, and that the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was the dominant species in Riau and absent from Bangka. Other species where found in our study sites, i.e. the common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), the Malay civet (Vivera tangalunga) and the small-toothed palm civet (Artogalidia trivirgat