Sugarcane is an important cash crop In Iran and has a strategically impact on both social and governmental issues. Under Iranian conditions, the crop is vulnerable to attack by different types of insect and mite pests which impose economic damage on sugarcane. These pests can be divided into stalk borers, leaf feeders, root feeders and sucking pests. Stalk borers Sesamia spp. are the major insect problems in Iranian sugarcane. Larvae of stem borers feed directly on the vegetative tissues that store sucrose and, therefore, directly reduce yield. Sucking pests include spider mites and white flies. Spider mites have been recorded attacking sugarcane (including hybrids) and its relatives such as wild canes. Most of these mites belong to the genus Oligonychus and the economically important species in Iran is O. sacchari. White flies belonging to genus Neomaskellia feed on the sap of leaves and reduce the quality of cane juice. Root feeders are defined as canegrubs and can damage the root system and destroy whole plant. Leaf feeders are relatively new emerging pests in sugarcane, attacking mainly ratoon crops - they belong to the genus Mythimna. This paper summarizes briefly the nature of the major insect problems encountered in Iranian sugarcane cultivation, describes how they are dealt with, and discusses the present state of knowledge of the problems which have been important in the last 20 years in Iran.