Aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) are diverse production and livelihood systems where families cultivate a range of crops, raise livestock, farm or catch fish, gather fruits and other tree crops, and harness natural resources such as timber, reeds and wildlife. This chapter focuses on the drivers influencing the evolution of the complex, multi-functional systems using the case of aquatic agricultural food systems in Southern Africa. It illustrates that multi-dimensional research, development and policy options are required to realize transformations in agri-food systems. Foresight exercises encourage stakeholders and experts to explore future changes by qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing plausible future developments and challenges. Research organizations are engaged in a dynamic dialogue with communities to assess their needs and develop technologies and management practices that are profitable and sustainable. The strongest and least dependent drivers were around policies and institutional arrangements related to trade, land access and tenure, and water access.