Forest and agriculture landscapes dominate across Southeast Asia. Agricultural systems are highly diverse ranging from traditional swidden and agroforestry, to the more recent intensive industrial oil palm plantations. These management approaches have fabricated distinct fragmented landscapes that could yield significantly varying impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Our systematic styled review compares fragmentation in industrial oil palm (IOP) and smallholder agroforestry (SH) landscapes, and how this influences biodiversity (soil fauna, avifauna, and vegetation) and ecosystem services in Southeast Asia. Two literature searches were carried out capturing fragmentation studies in IOP and SH settings. After devising a selection criteria, we identified relevant studies, assessed the type of landscape metrics used, and synthesized research findings. After screening 2301 studies, 26 passed our selection criteria; avifauna was the most widely studies group for biodiversity outcomes (n=9), and isolation was the most popular landscape measure (n=13). 50% of studies focused on IOP in Malaysia and none focused on IOP in Indonesia despite being the world's largest oil palm producer. We found too few studies on interactions between ecosystem services and landscape dynamics to draw meaningful comparative findings. Studies in SH systems provided cases of well-connected and diverse forest-agriculture mosaics that successfully supported all biodiversity. In IOP landscapes, we found mixed effects, which depended on the dispersal range of species, their adaptive ability along habitat gradients, and how actors managed forest fragments. Land use research is dominated by land use level comparisons, and rarely do studies measure landscape interactions, which is evident in the lack of studies in our review. Few studies addressed more complex, yet important measures, such as the permeability and pattern of the landscape matrix1. Assessing fragmentation processes over time add