Afforestation of gramineous-woody savannah with cocoa agroforestry systems (cAFS) is a common farmer practice in Cameroon considered as sustainable. Nevertheless, the effects of afforestation of savannah with cAFS on soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover and content, and the factors controlling SOC accumulation and stabilization are unknown. SOC content at 0–10 cm soil layer, and SOC distribution in soil particle size fractions (0–20 µm fraction considered as mineral-associated organic carbon, MAOC; 50–2000 µm considered as particulate organic carbon, POC; and 20–50 µm), were compared in different systems settled on degraded savannah (orthic ferralsols). These systems included annual cropland (˜ 5 years old), cocoa monoculture (˜10 years old), and cAFS (from 20 to 60 years old) including different shade tree species such as Albizia adianthifolia, Canarium schweinfurthii, Dacryodes edulis, Milicia excelsa and Ceiba pentandra. Savannah and nearby secondary forest patches were also included in the design as controls. Soil 13C was analysed to investigate the soil carbon turnover after afforestation (C3 plants) of gramineous savannah (C4 plants). SOC significantly increased in the 0–10 cm depth from 10.6 ± 3.1 g C kg-1 in degraded savannah to 17.9 ± 5.6 g C kg-1 in cAFS reaching similar levels as in nearby secondary forests (16.3 ± 5.8 g C kg-1), while annual cropland and cocoa monoculture presented a non-significant decrease in SOC content. These changes were due to rapid loss of SOC derived from savannah plants (C4) – about 76% within the first 15 years after conversion, and higher gain of SOC derived from C3 plants in cAFS than in the other land uses (e.g. from 3.4 ± 1.5 g C kg-1 in savannah to 17.8 ± 5.7 g C kg-1 in cAFS). This SOC enrichment in cAFS was distributed in POC (64%), MAOC (30%) and the intermediate 20–50 µm soil fraction (6%). The higher annual litter input accumulated on a longer period in cAFS (20 to 60 years) than in cocoa monoculture (10 years) concomit