For GPSNR, the objectives were the following; - To collate global, country, and region-specific best-evidence and best-practice materials on agroforestry for natural rubber systems - Where feasible, collated material to be disseminated to GPSNR smallholder members and their communities even where workshops are not planned for the period 2023-2024 - To conduct workshops for GPSNR smallholder members and their communities to introduce agroforestry concepts and practices, and provide guidance and answers for the following questions: a. What is possible to grow in your region or specific location, and how can this be achieved? b. What is the market availability and demand of particular products in your region? c. How can agroforestry investments benefit smallholders economically, environmentally, and socially? The target countries for 2023-2024 were Cote d'Ivoire, Indonesia and Liberia. In Indonesia, agroforestry possibilities and practices would vary widely across the country's 3 major rubber-producing regions. There is strong interest from smallholders as well. It will be critical to blend or merge more traditional concepts such as jungle rubber with evidence-based and structured forms of agroforestry. In Liberia, as in Cote d'Ivoire, there is no history of agroforestry systems with rubber. However, interest by smallholder is great for 2 reasons: the possibility to increase income from associated plants to rubber and for environmental/sustainability reasons.