Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-vanillae (Forv) is a soil-borne fungus responsible for the fusariosis, a major disease affecting cultivated vanilla plants, causing root and stem rot. Harnessing resistance sources within the natural diversity of the Vanilla genus is currently the most effective strategy for sustainable disease management. Deciphering the molecular factors involved in this resistance is essential for further marker assisted breeding of resistant plants. The recent availability of a population of 126 progenies (AF CR40) resulting from self-pollination of the susceptible Vanilla planifolia cultivar CR0040, exhibiting a distribution of resistant and susceptible profiles, has enabled the construction of a first genetic map of resistance to a highly pathogenic strain of Forv. Twenty quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with this resistance, explaining a significant portion of the phenotypic variance, have been identified and localized in gene-rich regions. Using the complete genome sequencing of CR0040, genes potentially involved in biotic resistance mechanisms have been pinpointed at the QTL level, including genes encoding Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) motif proteins, kinases or pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. These recent studies have opened new opportunities for characterizing the resistance of vanilla plants to fusariosis.