Since 2000, oil palm cultivation has generated considerable controversy, as the >20 million ha of plantations linked with deforestation, burning, a high carbon footprint, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution from the with palm oil industry. The effects of palm oil on human health have also been critiqued, with palm oil used in various fast foods and iconic products like donuts and Nutella. Despite these concerns, the high continuous fruit production (of >35 t FFB/ha) and high oil yield (>28% of extraction rate) of oil palm make it a cheap and high- quality resource for increasing global demand for edible oil. Thus, the oil palm chain, from planters to industry, has sought to improve the environmental impacts of oil palm and engaged the R&D sector to minimize negative impacts of oil palm production. Under pressure of environmental lobbyists, such as WWF, there have been environmental improvements due to the establishment of international obligations for planters to obtain eco-certification (like RSPO Round Table for Palm Oil) and the preference of buyers to purchase “green oil” with certified origin. At the same time, the development of genomics and transcriptomics technologies for oil palm since 2013 has allowed researchers to select varieties with a high yield potential (along with markers for other desirable traits such as drought tolerance, pathogen resistance, and oil composition) and then restrict new planting extension by reducing some local yield gaps. Recently, oil palm agronomists have focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from plantations by modifying fertilizer use (decreasing the quantity, choice of some fertilizer type) especially the addition of potassium (KCl : until 300 kg/ha/year) that is commonly used to increase fruit production. Recent metabolomics and proteomics studies have highlighted the potential of using oil palm metabolism data to improve fertilizer efficiency management. A better definition of the nutritional status of ind