This article presents data measured in 44 farms covering a range of cropping practices, soil, and production parameters under contrasted types of crop management: conventional and conservation agriculture. Eighty-six winter wheat fields in Northwestern France were monitored for two growing seasons (2021–2023). The dataset encompasses data about cropping practices (tillage, soil cover, rotation, pesticide use, nutrition), soils (chemical, biological, and physical parameters, including texture), and grain production (nutritional, technological, and sanitary indicators). This article provides a detailed methodology of one of the first applications of a systemic on-farm study of the food production system, aiming to adopt a “One Health” perspective of the crop production system.