Moving towards sustainable and input-efficient cropping systems involves analyzing farmers' practices, particularly those related to managing plant health. Understanding the knowledge they use and the underlying logic guiding their practices (Altieri, 2004) is crucial. Agronomy often focuses on describing and evaluating the technical sequences adopted by farmers but pays less attention to their specific knowledge and implementation methods. Farmers have various ways of assessing their agroecosystem health, using different criteria, indicators, and threshold levels (Toffolini et al., 2016). This diversity is reflected in their choice of diverse agricultural practices to manage crop health. Therefore, our objective is to specifically analyze how Ivorian cocoa farmers manage cocoa tree health during the implementation of practices. To achieve this, we used the Activity Analysis method from the field of education sciences, specifically the “Course of Action” research program. This program studies human activity in various social domains and situations. A course of action refers to "the activity of a stakeholder in a specific state, actively engaged in a specific physical and social environment, belonging to a specific culture, which is meaningful for him/her, or can be shown, narrated, and commented on by the stakeholder at any moment of its unfolding to an observer-interlocutor under favorable conditions" (Theureau et al., 2003). A stakeholder's activity is defined as the dynamic of asymmetric interactions between him/her and his/her environment, meaning these two parts in this series of interactions do not have the same level of influence. In our case, activity represents the implementation of a farming practice resulting from interactions between the farmer (the stakeholder) and the cropping system (the environment). The activity analysis methods, as described by Theureau (2010), aim to closely approach the reality of farming practice implementation. They seek to und