Previous studies suggest that the density and diversity of associated trees stabilises cocoa agroforestry systems (cAFS) production in the long term. However, the impact of cocoa rejuvenation practices on this stabilisation process remains unclear. This study investigated how farmers' practices, particularly cocoa stand management, influence long-term cocoa yields, considering the production area's history and current management. Cocoa plantations aged from 7 to over 60 years were selected in two areas: an old cocoa production area (Bakoa) and a cocoa pioneer front in the forested land (Talba) in Cameroon's Centre region. Measurements included cocoa and associated tree diameters, shade tree cover and accessible cocoa yield. We also identified architectural types of cocoa trees representing various development stages. Results showed no effect of plantation age on associated tree parameters at either site. In Talba, cocoa tree density and accessible yield decreased with plantation age. This decline was associated with an increase in senescent cocoa trees and few regenerated multi-stem trees over time. This indicates poor rejuvenation of existing plantations in Talba, where forest reserves are available to create new ones. Conversely, in Bakoa, an area with no available forest reserves, rejuvenation of existing plantations, evidenced by the increasing density of multi-stem cocoa trees and new seedlings over time, was associated with stable yields in the long term. Providing farmers with training and incentives to rejuvenate old cocoa stands should be part of an overall strategy to increase production, improve farmers' incomes, protect forests and comply with the commercial rules of consumer countries.