The clove tree (Syzygium aromaticum) is a major cash crop in Madagascar, cultivated for its dried clove bud and essential oil, and is a crucial source of income for smallholder farmers in a country that is a leading global producer of both products. Clove trees are grown in both monospecific and agroforestry systems, which vary in structural and botanical complexity: in monospecific plots, clove trees dominate, whereas in agroforestry systems, they coexist with various species. Agroforestry systems are recognized for improving resilience to climatic and economic fluctuations. Clove production shows strong tree-to-tree variability at the plot scale, driven by factors such as genotype, age, and crown dimensions, which define tree potential production. Planting practices—including replanting frequency and spatial arrangement—are dynamic and evolve over time, and farmers manage plots individually, creating variabilities in tree age and crown dimension, inducing yield spatial variability. In agroforestry systems, this variability is further increased by species diversity and competition, and the perennial nature of clove trees, combined with irregular bearing patterns shaped by environmental factors and previous reproductive cycles, results in significant interannual yield variations. Despite its economic importance, the techno-economic performance of clove-based systems is poorly documented, largely because of a lack of accurate yield data and challenges in accounting for production variabilitys, and currently no quantitative data on individual clove tree production is available for Madagascar. This study addresses this gap by assessing clove production at the tree level in the village of Ansirakoraka (Analanjirofo region). We aim to (i) quantify production in relation to endogenous traits (crown dimensions, height) and (ii) evaluate cropping system effects (monospecific vs. agroforestry). In 2024, we sampled 126 trees across 11 plots (6 monospecific, 5 agroforestry), w