Income diversification is essential for a better farm resilience due to rubber prices volatility and low prices since 2012 (+ 20/40 % of gross margin/ha and capital generation capability for replanting with timber) and is now the main decision factor for RAS. RAS generates global positive environmental externalities that provide more sustainability to rubber systems. Is it a key factor for farmers ? RAS are now highly dependant of markets for fruits, timber, food crops, spices…No markets = no RAS RAS are also “cultural” and do exist due to local agroforestry knowledge and know how and traditions (Indonesia, Thailand, India): Monoculture is a good and efficient system when training and technical support is effective and of good quality (West Africa, Thailand…) Promotion of RAS will depend on extension existence and willingness to integrate agroforestry practices (West Africa for instance)…..and existing markets. RAS can probably increase environmental sustainability BUT All RAS might not fully be adapted according to new climatic conditions due to global climatic change: new constraints might emerge and RAS adaptation will be necessary… (Sri Lanka, Northeast Thailand, Myanmar, South Sumatra……) RAS adoption will depend on 1) provide knowle ge and boost know how and 2) farmers decision to diversify production and income.