Climate change mitigation and adaptation have become key public policy challenges worldwide, with national plans emerging since the early 2000s and most countries including agriculture in their climate commitments. By 2020, over 90% of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) addressed agricultural adaptation, but many developed countries still neglect food systems in their climate policies. This chapter examines how institutionalization paths of climate policies in Colombia, Brazil, France, and Senegal influence the implementation of agricultural climate actions. It analyzes factors like policy framing, proactivity, sector integration, policy instruments, and innovation. The study highlights how these national differences affect each country's ability to transition towards climate-smart agriculture.