This chapter focuses on the complex interrelationships between nutrition and climate change. After a brief review of the main nutritional problems globally and their determinants, we begin by showing how the dietary changes associated with agricultural and food sector industrialization and urbanization contribute to both climate change and malnutrition in all its forms. Consumption of animal products is discussed, but we show that livestock farming needs to be addressed as well as to consume animal products. We then illustrate how climate change affects food and nutrition. Finally, we review areas where more research is needed, to inform debate on some poorly understood aspects of the relationship between climate change and nutrition, and conclude that there is a need for an ecological nutrition science drawing on several complementary disciplines.