Although consumption in developing countries still lies far below the levels in Europe and North America, the local markets for dairy products are on the rise, thanks to population growth and, in some regions, increases in per capita intake linked to economic expansion. Raising the hygienic quality of milk is critical for the local supply chains, which face greater challenges in this respect than those in temperate climates. Worldwide, there are two alternative models to ensuring dairy product safety: in the U.S.A., the focus is on regulatory control and sterilization, while in Europe the focus is on managing quality and safety along the chain, from the cow to the consumer. This latter approach would seem more appropriate in the developing country context, where regulatory systems are weak and where contamination problems occur all along the chain. Examples of the chain approach to hazard analysis are given for milk in Uganda and cheese in Brazil.