Mare milk has been consumed for thousands of years in Central Asia and neighbouring regions. Its composition is similar to human milk, but different from cows' milk. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria and yeasts leads to the production of a traditional drink called qymyz. Qymyz, which is a symbol of good health, is a central part of the national cuisine and of the traditional cycle of horse husbandry, as well as playing a role in the cultural identity of Central Asian people. Mare milk, along with qymyz, has been reported to have a wide range of therapeutic effects. In this article, the authors have compiled information on mare milk composition, qymyz production and the therapeutic effects of mare milk and its products.